State-of-the-Art Comparison of Sensors in Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, and Low-Cost Monitoring Technologies

Rexhep Mustafovski

doi:10.31181/sems41202658m

Authors

Rexhep Mustafovski Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Rugjer Boshkovikj, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia Author https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3257-0989

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31181/sems41202658m

Keywords:

Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, Low-Cost Sensors, IoT, Artificial Intelligence, Smart Manufacturing, Cyber-Physical Systems

Abstract

Industry 4.0 has transformed modern manufacturing by incorporating internet-connected devices, artificial intelligence, cyber-physical platforms, and advanced data analysis. These innovations have raised automation levels, improved operational performance, and enabled predictive maintenance. Industry 5.0 builds on these foundations by emphasizing collaboration between humans and intelligent machines, promoting environmentally responsible practices, and supporting personalized production models. In parallel, affordable sensor technologies are gaining traction due to their low cost and practical ability to support essential monitoring across diverse applications. This study offers a comparative evaluation of sensor technologies in Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, and budget-conscious systems, outlining their advantages, limitations, and areas of application. The findings suggest that sensor integration remains central to industrial progress, particularly when linked with IoT, artificial intelligence, and edge-computing solutions that enhance adaptability and real-time decision-making.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Singh, R. P., Rab, S., & Suman, R. (2021). Significance of sensors for Industry 4.0: Roles, capabilities, and applications. Sensors International, 2, 100110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100110.

Ghobakhloo, M., Mahdiraji, H. A., Iranmanesh, M., & Jafari-Sadeghi, V. (2024). From Industry 4.0 digital manufacturing to Industry 5.0 digital society: A roadmap toward human-centric, sustainable, and resilient production. Information Systems Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-024-10476-z.

Tzampazaki, M., Zografos, C., Vrochidou, E., & Papakostas, G. A. (2024). Machine vision—moving from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0. Applied Sciences, 14(4), 1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041471.

De Souza, R. O., Ferenhof, H. A., & Forcellini, F. A. (2022). Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 from the Lean perspective. International Journal of Management, Knowledge and Learning, 11, 145-155. https://www.doi.org/10.53615/2232-5697.11.145-155.

Stefanini, R., Preite, L., Bottani, E., Belli, L., Davoli, L., Ferrari, G., & Vignali, G. (2023). Selection of 4.0 sensors for small holders: the compromise between the advantages and the costs of the implementation. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Food Operations and Processing Simulation Workshop (FoodOPS 2023) (pp. 1-7). https://www.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2023.foodops.007.

Raja Santhi, A., & Muthuswamy, P. (2023). Industry 5.0 or industry 4.0 S? Introduction to industry 4.0 and a peek into the prospective industry 5.0 technologies. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 17(2), 947-979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-023-01217-8.

Lou, S., Hu, Z., Zhang, Y., Feng, Y., Zhou, M., & Lv, C. (2024). Human-cyber-physical system for industry 5.0: A review from a human-centric perspective. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 22, 494-511. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASE.2024.3360476.

Colombathanthri, A., Jomaa, W., & Chinniah, Y. A. (2025). Human-centered cyber-physical systems in manufacturing industry: a systematic search and review. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 136(5), 2107-2141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-14959-w.

Narkhede, G. B., Pasi, B. N., Rajhans, N., & Kulkarni, A. (2025). Industry 5.0 and sustainable manufacturing: a systematic literature review. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 32(2), 608-635. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-03-2023-0196.

Ramírez-Márquez, C., Posadas-Paredes, T., Raya-Tapia, A. Y., & Ponce-Ortega, J. M. (2024). Natural resource optimization and sustainability in society 5.0: A comprehensive review. Resources, 13(2), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13020019.

Huang, Z., Shen, Y., Li, J., Fey, M., & Brecher, C. (2021). A survey on AI-driven digital twins in industry 4.0: Smart manufacturing and advanced robotics. Sensors, 21(19), 6340. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196340.

Caiazzo, B., Murino, T., Petrillo, A., Piccirillo, G., & Santini, S. (2023). An IoT-based and cloud-assisted AI-driven monitoring platform for smart manufacturing: design architecture and experimental validation. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 34(4), 507-534. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-02-2022-0092.

Pal, S. (2024). Artificial Intelligence-Based IoT-Edge Environment for Industry 5.0. In: Pal, S., Savaglio, C., Minerva, R., Delicato, F.C. (eds) IoT Edge Intelligence. Internet of Things. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58388-9_4.

Kumar, A., Kanojiya, A. K., & Subitha, D. (2025). Introduction to Network Sensing Systems in Society 5.0: Issues and Challenges. Networked Sensing Systems. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394310890.ch1.

Jayanthi, S., Kumar, N. S., Zafar Ali Khan, N., Reddy, S. S., Santhosh, R., & Yellamma, P. (2024). Design and Implementation of IoT‐Based Advanced Energy Management System for Smart Factory. Cyber Physical Energy Systems, 501-527. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394173006.ch16.

Raffik, R., Sathya, R. R., Vaishali, V., & Balavedhaa, S. (2023). Industry 5.0: Enhancing human-robot collaboration through collaborative robots–A review. In: 2023 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computing and Automation (ICAECA) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAECA56562.2023.10201120.

Panagou, S., Neumann, W. P., & Fruggiero, F. (2024). A scoping review of human robot interaction research towards Industry 5.0 human-centric workplaces. International Journal of Production Research, 62(3), 974-990. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2023.2172473.

Baig, M. H. M., Ul Haq, H. B., & Habib, W. (2024). A Comparative Analysis of AES, RSA, and 3DES Encryption Standards based on Speed and Performance. Management Science Advances, 1(1), 20-30. https://doi.org/10.31181/msa1120244.

Di Marino, C., Rega, A., Vitolo, F., Patalano, S. (2023). Enhancing Human-Robot Collaboration in the Industry 5.0 Context: Workplace Layout Prototyping. In: Gerbino, S., Lanzotti, A., Martorelli, M., Mirálbes Buil, R., Rizzi, C., Roucoules, L. (eds) Advances on Mechanics, Design Engineering and Manufacturing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15928-2_40.

Sahoo, S. K., Goswami, S. S., & Halder, R. (2024). Supplier Selection in the Age of Industry 4.0: A Review on MCDM Applications and Trends. Decision Making Advances, 2(1), 32–47. https://doi.org/10.31181/dma21202420.

Oláh, J., Aburumman, N., Popp, J., Khan, M. A., Haddad, H., & Kitukutha, N. (2020). Impact of Industry 4.0 on environmental sustainability. Sustainability, 12(11), 4674. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114674.

Maresova, P., Soukal, I., Svobodova, L., Hedvicakova, M., Javanmardi, E., Selamat, A., & Krejcar, O. (2018). Consequences of industry 4.0 in business and economics. Economies, 6(3), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies6030046.